How to Be a War Poet — Part 6

In a new series of 12 monthly essays, poet, journalist, and U.S. Army veteran Randy “Sherpa” Brown explores how military service members, family members, and citizens can develop a practice of poetry toward improved mindfulness, empathy across the “civil-military divide,” and even political or social action. 

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How to Be a War Poet — Part 6

“Touching the Face of God: War Poems in the Air”

by Randy “Sherpa” Brown

Occasionally, I wonder at how I came to rediscover poetry through writing about military experiences. The whole “citizen-soldier-poet” thing. I had written some poems back in high school, after all, but then spent decades away from it. As a journalist, I wrote in inverted pyramids, not verse. I re-engaged with poetry via a couple of writing seminars focused on military veterans and families.

In the 1970s and ’80s, I had grown up in a U.S. Air Force family that wasn’t particularly academic or literary. We did love books, however. And poetry was always present and available—on the walls, on the shelves. Along with Time-Life history books and James Michener novels or Peanuts comic books. There when needed, or wanted.

I distinctly remember at least a handful of poetry paperbacks—e.e. cummings, Robert Frost, and Wallace Stevens. I still have the cummings collection. I loved his use of “pyrographic typography”—a reviewer’s phrase that somehow remains burned in long-term memory. I also once gained a week’s worth of notoriety during my senior year of high school, after turning-in a couple of randy love poems satirically penned in the poet’s style. I learned of cummings’ ambulance-driving career in World War I France only recently. Truly, everybody is a war poet.

My mother has since handed down a framed copy of Joyce Kilmer’s 1915 poem “Trees,” which hung on the walls of her childhood home in Montana. (“I think that I shall never see / A poem as lovely as a tree […]”) A handwritten note on the back says it was the first poem she ever memorized. The poem is now displayed in my dining room.

As a practicing poet-veteran, I now also know and appreciate that Kilmer served as a U.S. National Guard citizen-soldier in a New York unit. In 1918, at age 31, he was killed by a sniper’s bullet in France. While I think that I shall never write a poem just as good as “Trees” (or “Rouge Bouquet,” for that matter), I enjoy connecting my thin red lines of experience to his.

Regardless of our family’s ever-changing military addresses, my father’s den or home office always featured what I would later come to know as a “brag wall” or “love-me wall.” In military households, it is often standard practice to display of military certificates, awards, art, and other memorabilia. To this day, my father’s wall features two brass-and-wood plaques, acquired sometime in his travels around Vietnam, Thailand, and Japan. Each design features a set of U.S. Air Force qualification wings, as well as an engraved poem.

I’m sure such items are not rare. The plaques are probably best-described as “semi-custom”—a mix of mass-produced and personalized details, made specially for G.I. tourists. I’ve seen other trophies like them, in other veteran’s homes and on the Internet, with small variations in text and emblems.

The first plaque features a silvery U.S. Air Force master navigator badge, a distinction awarded to individuals after completion of 3,000 hours of flight. The “master” badge builds on the design of the basic navigator badge—the winged shield awarded at the completion of one’s first qualification course. At 2,000 flight hours—at the “senior” rating—the shield is topped with a star. Upon achieving the “master“ rating, the star is surrounded by a laurel wreath.

Under plaque’s master navigator badge appears the poem “High Flight,” written by John Gillespie Magee, Jr. in 1941. Magee was born in China to missionary parents—his father was American, his mother was British. He joined the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II, but was killed in a mid-air collision while training on Spitfires in England. He never saw combat, but I’d still call him a war poet:

“Oh! I have slipped the surly bonds of Earth

And danced the skies on laughter-silvered wings;

Sunward I've climbed, and joined the tumbling mirth

of sun-split clouds,—and done a hundred things

You have not dreamed of—wheeled and soared and swung

High in the sunlit silence. […]”

Magee’s short poem also achieves this sublime landing: 

“[…] while with silent lifting mind I've trod

The high untrespassed sanctity of space,

Put out my hand, and touched the face of God.”

Magee’s “High Flight” is one of those poems that becomes so popular, it becomes part of the cultural firmament. Even ground-pounders and self-described poetry-haters are likely to recognize a few of the lines. I remember the shock of electric recognition I felt as a teenager on Jan. 28, 1986, when U.S. President Ronald Reagan quoted the poem in a televised speech. The space shuttle Challenger had exploded earlier that day. Having grown up passing the “High Flight” poem in my childhood hallways, I immediately recognized the images quoted in the speech’s final paragraph. Reagan didn’t even have to explicitly cite Magee. Reagan’s closing line:

“[...] The crew of the space shuttle Challenger honored us by the manner in which they lived their lives. We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them, this morning, as they prepared for their journey and waved goodbye and ‘slipped the surly bonds of earth’ to ‘touch the face of God.’”

Such immortality, of course, also makes “High Flight” prime for parody and parroting. A poet-veteran buddy of mine, Eric “Shmo” Chandler, is a former U.S. Air Force F-16 pilot. Chandler once flew over both Iraq and Afghanistan, and now flies commercial passenger aircraft. Ask Shmo about his plans on any given day, and he’ll deliver a morale-boosting payload of bravado: “Just ‘slipping the surlies!’”

Chandler’s first poetry collection, “Hugging This Rock: Poems about Earth & Sky, Love & War,” even included a cheeky poem titled “Slipping the Surlies.” Compare his first-lines to Magee’s original:

“Oh! I've slipped the reflective belt and dirt,

And danced the skies on my dust-covered wings;

Sunward I've climbed, and tried to stay alert

With my go-pills and flew a thousand rings

You have not dreamed of—wheeled over the dung

High in light-brown violence. […]”

Remember my dad’s military-themed “brag-wall” display? The second plaque features a poem titled “Low Flight,” a companion poem that transcends parody to become something of a tribute. Unattributed to a specific author, the poem is celebrated in a number of U.S. military professional communities, most usually rotary-wing aviators (aka “helicopter pilots”) and others with close-to-the-ground flying experiences. In the Vietnam War and later in Desert Storm, my father flew on tactical airlift missions as crew on a C-130 “Hercules”—a four-propped aircraft celebrated for flying low and slow, and landing on rough runways. I suspect that’s why the poem resonated with him:

“Oh, I have slipped the surly bonds of earth

And hovered out of ground effect on semi-rigid blades;

earthward I’ve autoed, and met the rising brush

of non-paved terrain—and done a thousand things

You would never cared to—skidded and drooped and flared

Low in the heat soaked roar. […]”

 Instead of ending on “touched the face of God,” the poem “Low Flight” ends with ...

“[…] I’ve lumbered

The low-trespassed halls of Victor Airways,

Put out my hand, and touched a tree.”

There are plenty of other poems related to war and life in the air, of course. All modern war poetry didn’t necessarily start in the trenches of World War I, or the home-fires burning. A quick example: W.B. Yeats’ 1919 poem “An Irish Airman Foresees His Death” commemorates pilot-officer Robert Gregory, Royal Flying Corps, who was killed in a potential friendly-fire incident over Italy. Among other factors, the poem speaks to the cloudy otherworldliness that aviators may feel—not inhuman or apolitical, but an existence somewhat removed from human concerns:

“I know that I shall meet my fate

Somewhere among the clouds above;

Those that I fight I do not hate

Those that I guard I do not love; […]”

There are also the “bomber poets” of World War II. Randall Jarrell, for example, trained navigators in World War II. His brutal 6-line “Death of a Ball Turret Gunner” is American War Poetry 101. “[…] Six miles from earth, loosed from its dream of life, / I woke to black flak and the nightmare fighters. […]” The poem’s last line delivers the pity of war in full intensity: “When I died they washed me out of the turret with a hose.”

American James Dickey, named U.S. poet laureate in 1966, was during World War II a radar operator on a P-61 “Black Widow” night-fighter crew over the Pacific. I highly recommend his 1964 poem “The Firebombing,” a stream-of-consciousness poem that touch-and-goes into WWII Japan and 1960s suburbia and the Vietnam War. (Dickey also famously wrote the 1970 thriller “Deliverance,” about a group of city friends on a dangerous canoe trip in Northern Georgia. The book was made into a 1972 movie.)

American poet Richard Hugo is a relatively recent literary hero of mine, discovered while I was obsessively researching a hybrid monograph about lessons-learned, war movies, and bomber poetry. Hugo flew missions out of World War II Italy as a bombardier on B-24 “Liberator” aircrew. Known for his plainspoken poetic style, Hugo once wrote a letter-poem (“Letter to Simic from Boulder”) of apology to fellow American poet Charles Simic. He had realized that, during the war, he might’ve bombed Simic’s hometown of Belgrade, Yugoslavia—and potentially, Simic himself!

“Dear Charles: And so we meet once in San Francisco and I learn

I bombed you long ago in Belgrade when you were five.

I remember. We were after a bridge on the Danube

hoping to cut the German armies off as they fled north

from Greece. We missed. Not unusual, considering I

was one of the bombardiers. I couldn’t hit my ass if

I sat on the Norden or rode a bomb down singing

The Star Spangled Banner. I remember Belgrade opened

like a rose when we came in. Not much flak. I didn’t know

about the daily hangings, the 80,000 Slavs who dangled

from German ropes in the city, lessons to the rest.

I was interested mainly in staying alive, that moment

the plane jumped free from the weight of bombs and we went home. […]”

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry—the French author of the modernist children’s fable “The Little Prince”—was also a poet, and a reconnaissance pilot. During World War II, he flew reconnaissance missions in a fork-tailed P-38 “Lightning” over the Mediterranean. While he also eventually met his fate somewhere in the war and clouds above, I’ve recently posted his poem “Generation to Generation” on my own office wall. (It can also found as reading No. 649 in the gray-covered Unitarian Universalist hymnal, “Singing the Living Tradition.”) 

It’s not a brass plaque on a brag-wall, but my new poetic quote-note reminds me to focus on what we’ve carried, and what we leave behind. We may shoot our bodies and words into the air, but Exupéry offers this grounded advice:

“[…] Let us build memories in our children,

lest they drag out joyless lives,

lest they allow treasures to be lost because

they have not been given the keys.

We live, not by things, but by the meanings

of things. It is needful to transmit the passwords

from generation to generation.”

You don’t need poetry to touch God. Or a tree.

Or to take flight. Or to seek forgiveness.

But I'm certain it can help.

Next: Real Sailors Write Poetry: War Poems at Sea.

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Randy “Sherpa” Brown is a 20-year retired veteran of the Iowa Army National Guard, and the author and named editor of more than six military-themed poetry collections, anthologies, and chapbooks of poetry and non-fiction. One recent such project is “Things We Carry Still: Poems & Micro-Stories about Military Gear,” which he co-edited with fellow war poet and military spouse Lisa Stice (“Letters in Conflict: Poems,” 2024). Since 2015, he has served as the poetry editor of As You Were, the literary journal of the non-profit organization Military Experience and the Arts. He also regularly shares tips and techniques regarding military-themed writing at The Aiming Circle, a patron-supported community of writing practice. More info: linktr.ee/randysherpabrown

How to Be a War Poet — Part 5

In a new series of 12 monthly essays, poet, journalist, and U.S. Army veteran Randy “Sherpa” Brown explores how military service members, family members, and citizens can develop a practice of poetry toward improved mindfulness, empathy across the “civil-military divide,” and even political or social action. 

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How to Be a War Poet — Part 5
“Scouting the Literary Terrain: How and Where to Find War Poems”
by Randy “Sherpa” Brown

A military mission-briefing usually starts with an overview of the current “situation,” in which the presenter overviews such factors as current weather, terrain, and enemy posture. Where are we? Who is located around us? Who is friendly and who isn’t? Where are the likely points of engagement?

Today, we have another “naming of parts”—this time, a kind of map-orientation to the literary landscape. Earlier in this series, we labelled some basic components found in individual poems. Enough vocabulary to start a conversation. This month, we’ll describe some of the avenues through which we produce, publish, and perform poetry. These channels can encompass events, places, and publications. Riffing on soldier-speak, this is the poetic domain—the war poet’s battle-space. Our earth and air and sky and space.

Writing workshops may be designed to inspire new writing, improve existing writing through critique, or provide new artistic skills and insights. And they may perform more than one of these functions. One session can be an hour or two in duration. They can be virtual (on-line), in-person, or “hybrid” (both on-line or in-person).

Writing workshops can be designed as singular, “one-off” events. They can also be designed as one-day affairs, or even whole weekends. They can be implemented as limited series—perhaps meeting weekly or monthly—or as come-whenever-you-can hang-outs. They can be free, or conducted for a fee. Fees charged usually compensate facilitators for their expertise and time, but can also help pay for venue rental and snacks. After all, while no one gets into poetry to make money, someone has to keep the metaphorical lights on.

Workshops can be generative, meaning they are focused on creating new work through prompts, discussions, and “in-class” writing time. Particularly if conducted in multiple sessions, however, workshops can also be focused on providing peer-critiques. In these types of events, participants  provide mutual, constructive feedback to their fellow writers’ works-in-progress. Finally, workshops can center on honing craft: Learning new writing techniques, styles, and tools through  through lecture and discussion.

Events can focus on not only on generating poems and adding to our respective poetry toolkits, but also offer opportunities to share our work through performance. Performance events can take place in coffee shops, libraries, book stores, churches, public parks—you name it. If you’ve got a physical or virtual space, there can be space for poetry.

Poetry readings can focus on the works of one or more visiting or featured poets, or be conducted as karaoke-like “open-microphone” events. In the latter, poets each volunteer for a few minutes of performance time. 

Rules for participation in open-mic events can vary: Sometimes, signing-up to participate might be a matter of signing up on a legal pad right before the event. “First-come, first-served.” Other times, participants might register on-line, days before the event. Sometimes, “open-mic” time might precede a reading by a featured poet or performer, which can help draw larger audiences.

In any case, if you decide to participate, make sure to follow each event-organizers’ rules. Buy something to support either the host or performance space—a coffee, a featured book, a T-shirt. Be polite and supportive of all the performers. When it’s your turn, be brief. Sit down when your time is up. Remember the old infantry phrase for individual battlefield movements: “I’m up. They see me. I’m down.”

A poetry “slam” is a spoken-word event, often judged by a panel. In slam events, poets recite one or more previously written poems of their own creation. A typical time-limit per poet is 3 minutes. Judges consider factors such as performance, composition, and engagement. Poetry slams are full of energy and vocalized audience reactions—it’s not uncommon to hear snaps, claps, cheers, and shouts of approval, as might be heard at a sports competition. As in sports, there can be local, regional, and national slams. Some slams can be qualifiers for higher levels of compeition.

Venues for sharing poetry aren’t limited to “on the stage,” however. There are many venues for sharing poems “on the page” as well—whether those words are printed on paper or published on-line. 

A literary journal is an on-line or print publication, focused on creative forms of writing. Creative writing can include poetry, short fiction, essays, creative non-fiction, and more. Depending on a journal’s mission statement—how editors there define what they publish and what they don’t—they can also be potential places to publish short plays, photography and visual art, comics and sequential stories, and other work. 

Before submitting to any literary publication, always make sure to read and follow editor’s suggestions and guidelines. Look for a given publication’s “about” pages or mission statements, or open “calls for submission.” Follow instructions. Also, sample a few past issues, to make sure that your work seems similar in voice, tone, and content to editors’ past selections.

Remember, literary journals can be general-interest—seeking to publish only the very best of contributors’ submissions, regardless of theme or topic. Journals can also be very specific in focus, however. For example, the Taco Bell Quarterly features only work that somehow mentions the products, culture, and other elements of the popular fast-food chain. Editors there write: “Is this real? A joke? A literary psy-op? We don’t fully know. We just decided to write about Taco Bell.”

For war poets, there are literary journals that regularly explore the lived experiences and writing of military service members, veterans, and family members—or, more widely, what it means to witness or participate in uniformed service, war, and peace. Examples of such journals include, but are not limited to:

• Collateral Journal
• Consequence Forum
• Line of Advance
• The Wrath-Bearing Tree

(On a more-personal note, I’ll also point to As You Were, the on-line literary journal of the national non-profit Military Experience & the Arts, and a publication with which I have proudly volunteered as a reader and editor for many years.)

Sometimes, particularly around Veterans Day (U.S.), Memorial Day (U.S.), and Remembrance Day commemorations, editors of general-interest literary publications will post calls-for-submission focused on military- or war-themes. These opportunities can be ideal platforms to reach beyond audiences who have lived or adjacent to military service, to engage and encourage conversations with “civilian” readers—those with no direct or immediate experience of military life. This is the way poets and editors can help bridge the “civil-military gap” we often hear about in social-media discourse—how we spark moments of conversation, discussion, and recognition. Ultimately, through our words, we hope to create opportunities for mutual understanding and empathy.

A poetry collection is a book of poetry by a single author. Definitions vary, but publishers often specify that a collection should contain more than 50 poems. Often, a number of these poems will have been previously published in literary journals, popular magazines, and other platforms. Some publishers specify that a collection should contain no more than 50 percent previously published material. The other half should be “new”—previously unpublished. Guidelines vary by publisher, however. When submitting to contests and publishers, make sure to follow each venue’s specific instructions.

(An additional terminological wrinkle: “best of” retrospective and special-themed collections by a single author can also be marketed as “selected poems by.” One great example of this type of book is Mary Oliver’s “Dog Songs.”)

As works by single authors, collections often address multiple and even interconnected themes. We war-poets “contain multitudes,” after all. In curating a collection, poets and publishers play with adjacencies—locating certain poems to be read alongside (or perhaps opposite) each other. As an editor of other poets’ manuscripts, as well as my own, I can say there is a particular and additional magic to be discovered in creatively sequencing poems, and sections of poems. Navigating a poetry collection is very often a different reader-experience than encountering a given poet’s work (even your own) one or two poems at a time. Your own poems can surprise you.

A poetry chapbook is something like pamphlet—a ”smaller than a book” assemblage of poems by one or more authors, usually focused on a singular theme. Again, definitions vary, but chapbooks can comprise between a handful of poems, up to a few dozen.

Back in the ancient, pre-Internet times, we used to photocopy or otherwise reproduce such small publications, folding and stapling them by hand, in effect “publishing” one chapbook at a time. In this way, we’d manufacture enough product to share with our friends, or distribute (usually for free) in coffee shops and campus hang-outs. They weren’t always meant to be something that would last—they were considered “ephemeral,” akin to a pamphlet or a brochure. In the 1980s and 1990s, however, the rise of desktop publishing and color laser-printers made it very easy to achieve a slick “professional” look and feel—and higher production quantities. And today’s Print-on-Demand (POD) vendors make it even easier to design, print, and distribute “chapbooks,” if that’s the desired aesthetic.

You don’t have to use a computer, however. Even today, some poets are more-motivated by the “old” ways. They create hand-crafted or artisanal products.

Remember: It’s all art, regardless of the means of production. The only rule of chapbooking is to make the process your own.

A poetry anthology is a collection of works by multiple writers, curated by editors around a theme or other organizational idea. The books “Giant Robot Poems: On Mecha-Human Science, Culture & War” and “Things We Carry Still: Poems & Micro-Stories about Military Gear” would each be  examples of the form. One centers solely on poetry, the other is mix of poetry and prose.

Poetry associations, societies, circles, and other literary organizations often host poetry events, including author readings, and open-mic and slam events. They also publish their own journals and anthologies, and conduct contests. Start your search for state-level poetry associations or societies, perhaps via the National Federation of State Poetry Societies.

Veterans, service members, and military-family members might find poetry and writing opportunities via non-profit organizations such as Warrior Writers and Community-Based Art Works (CBAW). Both groups also regularly offer virtual and sometimes in-person workshops. For writers just starting their publishing efforts, the editors at the previously mentioned non-profit Military Experience & the Arts also uniquely sometimes offer to “workshop” material submitted to its literary journal.

You might also find community-based writing centers in your area. In New York City, The Poets House is a poetry-centered library and education center. In Minneapolis, the Loft Literary Center includes poetry offerings, including year-long poetry-apprenticeship programs.

Sometimes, regional literary organizations are centered on famous local poets. In Franconia, New Hampshire, for example, there is The Frost Place—a house museum non-profit education center dedicated to the memory of Robert Frost (1874-1963). The Hugo House in Seattle, Washington is a non-profit writing centered named after the Seattle-born poet (and World War II military veteran) Richard Hugo (1923-1982). 

Finally, many cities and states have designated poets laureate. (Note the fancy plural—similar to “sergeants major.”) Often unpaid volunteers appointed by mayors, arts councils, and state governors, these poets serve limited terms as public arts advocates and educators. Depending on their own artistic interests, they may conduct seminars and workshops, host poetry readings and other events, and even write “official” poems commemorating or celebrating particular events. Think of them as poetry influencers—potential beacons and deacons of any local poetry “scene.” Find where they hang out, and you’ll soon be on your way yourself.

So, there you have it: A situational brief for your own bardic mission. A once-around-the-world primer on the people, places, and publications of the poetry domain. Now that you know how to describe what you’re looking at, you can begin to strategize and plan where to go next. Where will you share your poetry? Where will your poetry journey take you?

Next: Touching the Face of God: War Poems in the Air.

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Randy “Sherpa” Brown is a 20-year retired veteran of the Iowa Army National Guard, and the author and named editor of more than six military-themed poetry collections, anthologies, and chapbooks of poetry and non-fiction. One recent such project is “Things We Carry Still: Poems & Micro-Stories about Military Gear,” which he co-edited with fellow war poet and military spouse Lisa Stice (“Letters in Conflict: Poems,” 2024). Since 2015, he has served as the poetry editor of As You Were, the literary journal of the non-profit organization Military Experience and the Arts. He also regularly shares tips and techniques regarding military-themed writing at The Aiming Circle, a patron-supported community of writing practice. More info: linktr.ee/randysherpabrown

How to Be a War Poet — Part 4

In a new series of 12 monthly essays, poet, journalist, and U.S. Army veteran Randy “Sherpa” Brown explores how military service members, family members, and citizens can develop a practice of poetry toward improved mindfulness, empathy across the “civil-military divide,” and even political or social action. 

* * * * *

How to Be a War Poet — Part 4
“War Poetry Never Dies: The Thin Red Lines that Connect Generations”

by Randy “Sherpa” Brown

When I travelled to Fort Knox, Kentucky to take my first boot-steps in the U.S. Army, I brought with me a copy of William Shakespeare’s “Henry V.” During fireguard duty—every night, we’d take 1-hour shifts acting as human smoke-detectors in our extremely flammable WWII-era barracks—I’d keep myself awake by memorizing ye olde bardic bits. One fragment that has never grown old is King Harry’s “St. Crispin’s Day” speech, rallying the troops against the French:

From this day to the ending of the world,
But we in it shall be remember’d;
We few, we happy few, we band of brothers;
For he to-day that sheds his blood with me
Shall be my brother; be he ne’er so vile,
This day shall gentle his condition:
And gentlemen in England now a-bed
Shall think themselves accursed they were not here,
And hold their manhoods cheap whiles any speaks
That fought with us upon Saint Crispin’s day.

I wasn’t, of course, the first shavetail to latch onto the whole “band of brothers” thing. British Admiral Horatio Nelson (1758-1805) famously referred to the ship captains under his command as such, starting with the 1798 Battle of the Nile. And “Band of Brothers” was both the title and epigraph to a 1992 book by historian Stephen E. Ambrose, which also became a popular cable TV mini-series in 2001.

In a World War II narrative comprising 10 episodes, the HBO series tells the story of E Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment—part of the U.S. Army’s 101st Airborne “Screaming Eagle” Division. With the first episode airing just a few days before the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the HBO series was formative to many veterans of the Global War on Terror (GWOT).

Besides “band of brothers” references, there are other poetic threads to be pulled from military history. The Crimean War (1853-1856) saw an alliance of the United Kingdom, France, the Ottoman Empire, and others fight Imperial Russia over, among other things, the rights of Christians in Palestine. The war echoes even today, in poetic bursts that are still oft-quoted. Catchphrases such as: “Theirs not to reason why, / Theirs but to do and die” are regularly uttered in military ranks, whether in offices and foxholes.

The Battle of Balaclava (Oct. 25, 2854) was notable for the “Charge of the Light Brigade,” in which a British commander of unarmored, sword-carrying cavalry disastrously misunderstood a superior’s order, and attacked an Russian artillery position head-on, under blistering fire. Six weeks later, basing his lines on battlefield reports published in newspapers, the poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson commemorated the valor of the doomed troops. The short narrative poem, titled “Charge of the Light Brigade,” includes lines that sound like the start of a “there I was” war story among veterans of any era:

[...] Cannon to right of them,
Cannon to left of them,
Cannon in front of them
   Volleyed and thundered;

Stormed at with shot and shell,
Boldly they rode and well,
Into the jaws of Death,
Into the mouth of hell
   Rode the six hundred. [...]

Earlier and elsewhere in the same battle, a British infantry commander with too few troops to defend against the attacking Russian cavalry reportedly said, “There is no retreat from here, men. You must die where you stand.” Defending in a line formation only two-soldiers-deep—the doctrinal manual called for four—the red-coated Scotsmen of the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders successfully stood their ground. Some lived to tell the tale. (A famous 1881 painting by Scottish painter Robert Gibbs, titled “The Thin Red Line,” further adds to the resulting mythology.)

The phrase “Thin Red Line” became a lasting and popular metaphor—a reminder that any given country’s armed force is a limited resource. One of my go-to poems in discussions with veterans, British poet Rudyard Kipling’s 1890 poem “Tommy,” includes more than one “thin red line” reference. Similar to perhaps to the American “G.I. Joe,” the nickname “Tommy Adkins” is historically a fictional, universal nickname for a British soldier. Written in the embittered voice of a common “Tommy,” Kipling’s poem recounts a list of grievances, contrasting citizens’ patriotic fervor during wartime with their begrudging poor treatment of soldiers during peace:

[…] Yes, makin’ mock o’ uniforms that guard you while you sleep
Is cheaper than them uniforms, an’ they’re starvation cheap. 
An’ hustlin’ drunken soldiers when they’re goin’ large a bit
Is five times better business than paradin’ in full kit. 
Then it’s Tommy this, an' Tommy that, an’ “Tommy, ’ow's yer soul?”
But it's “Thin red line of ’eroes” when the drums begin to roll [...]

Metaphors can expand and evolve over time, of course, and “thin red line” is no different. For example, “The Thin Red Line” is also the title of a 1962 novel by World War II U.S. Army veteran James Jones. The book is semi-autobiographical, and regards American troops fighting on the Pacific island of Guadalcanal.  The novel has generated two movie adaptations, in 1964 and 1998. The 1998 version was directed by Terrence Malick, and is a philosophical and cinematic masterpiece—an art-house war movie. In terms of capturing the brutal absurdities of war, I’d rank it up there with other favorites, such as Stanley Kubrick’s “Full Metal Jacket” (1987) and Francis Ford Coppola’s “Apocalypse Now” (1979). The titular line from Jones’ book isn’t quoted directly in the 1998 movie, but for the author, “There’s only a thin red line between the sane and the mad.”

The “Thin Red Line” is also ancestor to the “Thin Blue Line,” a phrase that has poetic origins as a reference to the U.S. Army in a 1911 poem by Nels Dickmann Anderson, but in modern times usually refers to law-enforcement personnel. The “Thin Blue Line” is variously characterized as a symbolic line separating order and chaos, or civil society and criminality. One potential problem with the metaphor is the implied “us vs. them” relationship between a coercive paramilitary force and the citizenry that force is intended to protect. The modern “Thin Blue Line” phrase originated in 1922, in a series of defensive speeches by New York City Police Commissioner Richard Enright. It was the title of short-lived TV panel show produced in Los Angeles in the 1950s, and was a phrase popularized by a racist,  militaristic, and public-relations-focused Los Angeles police chief named William H. Parker III.

Various sloganeers and bumper-sticker manufacturers have tried to make other “thin lines” happen, usually in context of a decolorized American flag. (So much for “these colors don’t run”?) There are designs featuring a “Thin Green Line” that commemorate safety, conservation officers, or industrial workers. And “Thin Orange Line” designs for search-and-rescue personnel, emergency medical services, or construction workers. And even “Thin Red Line” flags for firefighters, rather than military personnel.

Obviously, it isn’t very standardized. Or even fully thought-out. Everyone seems to want to stand out in their own thin lines. To me, these ugly black flags seem more about declaring martyr status as a somehow under-appreciated, underdog minority. They are flags of claimed victim-hood.

I have, however, come to expand my personal canon regarding the “Thin Red Line” as metaphor. Rather than as an “us vs. them” crowbar, I think that it can be more usefully framed as something more akin to the “The Long Gray Line.” I first encountered this phrase in a the title of a 1989 book by historian Rick Atkinson, who traced the life-stories of three cadets of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point’s Class of 1966. The title evokes the tradition of envisioning the corps of cadets and its graduates as a long-running continuum of gray uniforms, reaching back into the past and marching toward the future. There’s also a 1955 movie directed by John Ford, “The Long Gray Line,” that uses a similar metaphor.

I think that if I’m going to continue to think of myself as part of any “red line,” it’ll be in this sense: A “Long Red Line” of citizen-soldiers (and poets) past, present, and future.

After more than 20 years “part-time” in U.S. Army uniform—including more than a few on full-time federal active duty—leaving my life as a citizen-soldier was difficult. I no longer saw the same friends and colleagues every month, or shared a common experience and mission with them. I came to realize how much I’d come to define myself in terms of that “Minuteman” mythos—someone who was ready, willing, and able to drop everything to run to the proverbial sound of the guns. (Because I was part of the Iowa Army National Guard’s 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 34th Infantry “Red Bull” Division, I was just as likely to deploy to the sounds of tornados, floods, and blizzards.) And yet, as a veteran, I still consider myself to be connected. That doesn’t give me the right to lecture my fellow citizens on how to carry or display a flag, or whether to kneel or non-kneel during prayers or sporting events. And it doesn’t entitle me to special parking spaces and sales discounts. But it does give me a potential connection, I suppose, to a community of sorts. Part of a tradition, perhaps. 

It might not be as well-known as Gibb’s “Thin Red Line” image, but there’s a 1988 military painting by Donna J. Neary, commissioned by the U.S. National Guard Bureau, that depicts a particular moment in my former unit’s history.  Her “The Red Bull in the Winter Line” depicts an World War II infantry assault against German soldiers at Mount Patano, Italy. The “Winter Line” refers to a series of German and Italian fortifications, that defended the route to Rome.

Inadvertently channeling a bit of Tennyson, I later wrote a poem about the unit’s “Red Bull” shoulder patch. The patch, coincidentally, was originally designed by Iowa painter, Marvin Cone, as he and his fellow Iowans were training in the New Mexican desert for World War I. In a nod to the title of Neary’s painting, I titled the poem “From a Red Bull in Winter” (The full poem appears in my 2015 collection, Welcome to FOB Haiku):

[…] The army wears its stories on our sleeves.
Every scrap is a battle, every stitch is a past.
We are canvas, leather, dust, and blood. 

At airport gates and main street parades,
the right shoulder patch carries with it
Africa and Afghanistan, Italy and Iraq. 

But you are more than these threads, these fragments, those bones:
You continue the march. You are the present, armed.
You are the “Attack!”

Whether it’s “cannons to the left of us, cannons to the right” or “‘Tommy, this’ and ‘Tommy that,’” reading (or writing!) a few lines of war poetry can connect us to a long line of citizens and soldiers past, present, and future. Poetry puts us in the boots of those who have served before, and hooks our chutes to a larger histories and experiences. Poetry can ground and center us—as veterans, as family members, as people with experiences with the military—and it can build bridges of mutual understanding, appreciation, and empathy.

War poems, after all, are war stories. Not the kind that seek to discourage discussion, full of “you had to be there” bluster and brick. But the kind that start with “there we were” and end with an invitation: “can you imagine?”

Like the song says, “Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.”

But old poets? Man, they can live forever.

All it takes is a few lines, written in red.

Next: Scouting the Literary Terrain: How and Where to Find War Poems.

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Randy “Sherpa” Brown is a 20-year retired veteran of the Iowa Army National Guard, and the author and named editor of more than six military-themed poetry collections, anthologies, and chapbooks of poetry and non-fiction. One recent such project is “Things We Carry Still: Poems & Micro-Stories about Military Gear,” which he co-edited with fellow war poet and military spouse Lisa Stice (“Letters in Conflict: Poems,” 2024). Since 2015, he has served as the poetry editor of As You Were, the literary journal of the non-profit organization Military Experience and the Arts. He also regularly shares tips and techniques regarding military-themed writing at The Aiming Circle, a patron-supported community of writing practice. More info: linktr.ee/randysherpabrown